The authors use a lot of terms just in the abstract that might be offputting to someone unfamiliar with population genetics approaches. Here, we'll break down some of those terms and what they mean.

• loci - specific, comparable locations of the genome. May be a single base or a set of bases called a "locus" and used to track genetic changes.
• population differentiation - method of comparing groups of organisms and identifying sub-populations
• Moran's eigenvector map - a mathematical approach to figure out where the variation we see co-occurs locally
• Euclidean distance matrix - a set of computations for the distance between different identified sites, using the traditional distance metric of Euclidean distance ($\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}$)
• larval connectivity - whether sites share larvae, that can float freely through the water column, with one another
• redundancy analysis (RDA) - a multivariate statistical method that enables us to pick out the most important contributors to the variability of interest
• single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - variation in genetic information at a single locus, which, in this case, is a single nucleotide/base of DNA in the sequence
• environmental association (EA) - how genetic varation relates to the available environmental information
• gene ontology - the "origin" of a gene, in this case finding a meaningful gene equivalent already in a database so that we can better understand what the function of the gene we found might be
• putative - we think that this is a gene with X function, but we haven't confirmed it yet
• selection
  • positive (a.k.a. directional) - a new phenotype is favored and selected for in the population (this is the underpinning of collective evolution via natural selection)
  • neutral - selection is not being pushed in any particular direction
  • balancing - multiple versions of the gene/allele are being maintained in the population (but there's not evidence of selection/change - this is often just heterozygosity)
  • divergent - the populations are becoming more different (in this case, all of the sub-populations have a different version of the gene)

(Benestan et al., 2016)

1. Benestan, L., Quinn, B. K., Maaroufi, H., Laporte, M., Clark, F. K., Greenwood, S. J., … Bernatchez, L. (2016). Seascape genomics provides evidence for thermal adaptation and current-mediated population structure in American lobster (Homarus americanus). Molecular Ecology, 25(20), 5073–5092.